The following code example is taken from the book
C++ Templates - The Complete Guide
by David Vandevoorde and Nicolai M. Josuttis, Addison-Wesley, 2002
© Copyright David Vandevoorde and Nicolai M. Josuttis 2002
template <typename T>
class TypeOp <T&> { // partial specialization for references
public:
typedef T & ArgT;
typedef typename TypeOp<T>::BareT BareT;
typedef T const ConstT;
typedef T & RefT;
typedef typename TypeOp<T>::BareT & RefBareT;
typedef T const & RefConstT;
};